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Artifical Womb - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 884 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/09/25 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Children Essay Did you like this example? Imagine, the next time you want to have a child there might not be a need for a mother, at least her womb. Science is coming up with a way to eliminate the need for a mothers’ womb or a sergeant mother, in what they are calling â€Å"the new fashioned way†: growing the embryo in an artificial womb. Doctors are developing artificial wombs in which embryos can grow outside woman’s body. The work has been hailed as a breakthrough in treating the childless. Scientists have created prototypes made out of cells extracted from women’s bodies. Embryos successfully attached themselves to the walls of these laboratory wombs and began to grow. However, experiments had to be terminated after a few days to comply with in-vitro fertilization (IVF) regulations. â€Å"We hope to create complete artificial wombs using these techniques in a few years,† said Dr Hung-Ching Liu of Cornell University’s Centre for Reproductive Medicine and Infertility. à ¢â‚¬Å"Women with damaged uteruses and wombs will be able to have babies for the first time. † The pace of progress in the field has startled experts. Artificial wombs could end many women’s childbirth problems – but they also raise major ethical headaches, which will be debated at a major international conference. There are going to be real problems,’ said organizer Dr Scott Gelfand, of Oklahoma State University, where these conferences are to be held. Dr. Gelfand goes on to say, â€Å"Some feminists even say artificial wombs mean men could eliminate women from the planet and still perpetuate our species. That’s a bit alarmist. Nevertheless, this subject clearly raises strong feelings. † Liu’s work entails removing cells from the endometrium, the lining of the womb. â€Å"We have learnt how to grow these cells in the laboratory using hormones and growth factors,’ she said. After this, Liu and her fellow researchers grew laye rs of these cells on scaffolds of biodegradable material, which had been modeled into shapes imitating the inside of the uterus. The cells grew into tissue and the scaffold dissolved. Then nutrients and hormones such as estrogen were added to the tissue. â€Å"Finally, we took embryos left over from IVF programmes and put these into our laboratory engineered tissue. The embryos attached themselves to the walls of our prototype wombs and began to settle there. †(Dr. Liu, 2008) The experiments were cut short after six days. However, Liu now plans to continue with this research and allow embryos to grow in the artificial wombs for 14 days, the maximum permitted by IVF legislation. â€Å"We will then see if the embryos put down roots and veins into our artificial wombs’ walls, and see if their cells differentiate into primitive organs and develop a primitive placenta. †(Dr. Liu, 2008) The pressing aim of this work is to help women whose damaged wombs stop them fr om conceiving. An artificial womb would be made from their own endometrium cells, an embryo placed inside it, and allowed to settle and grow before the whole package is placed back in her body. The new womb would be made of the woman’s own cells, so there would be no danger of organ rejection,† (Dr. Liu 2008) Yet, her research is presently limited by IVF legislation. â€Å"The next stage will involve experiments with mice or dogs. If that works, we shall ask to take our work beyond the 14-day limit now imposed on such research. † (Dr. Liu, 2008) Yoshinori Kuwabara, at Juntendo University in Tokyo is trying out a different method. His team has detached fetuses from goats and placed them in clear plastic tanks filled with amniotic fluid stabilized at body temperature. In this way, Kuwabara has kept goat fetuses alive and growing for up to 10 days by connecting their umbilical cords to machines that pump in nutrients and dispose of waste. While Liu’s work is intended at helping those having difficulty conceiving, Kuwabara’s is intended to help women who suffer miscarriages or very premature births. In this way Liu is extending the time an embryo can exist in a laboratory before being placed in a woman’s body; Kuwabara is trying to give a fetus a safe home if delivered too early from its natural womb. Significantly, both believe artificial wombs capable of supporting a child for nine months will become reality in a few years. â€Å"Essentially research is moving towards the same goal but from opposite directions,† UK fertility expert Dr Simon Fishel, of Park Hospital, Nottingham, said. â€Å"Getting them to meet in the middle will not be easy, however. There are so many critical stages of pregnancy, and so many factors to get right. Nevertheless, this work is very exciting. † Dr. Gelfand has pointed out that this is cause of concern of some serious ethical issues: â€Å"For a start, there is the issue o f abortion. A woman is usually allowed to have one on the grounds she wants to get rid of something alien inside her own body. At present, this means killing the fetus. But if artificial wombs are developed, the fetus could be placed in one, and the woman told she has to look after it once it has developed into a child. † I don’t know about you, but me, I think science is turning into it’s own worst enemy! Resources Harvard. Edu/artificialwomb, fall 2008 Nwotruth. com- September, 2008 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Artifical Womb" essay for you Create order

The No Child Left Behind Act Essay - 2475 Words

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 Education is the foundation upon which all people grow intellectually, emotionally and socially. American education developed from European intellectual traditions and institutions brought into the New World and continued with modifications and improvements (Foner and Garrataly). Since before the Revolutionary War, America has had a long tradition of considering education as one of the cornerstones of proper upbringing. Over the years there were many significant modifications made to the American educational system, one of which is a recent piece of legislation. On January 8, 2002, President George W. Bush signed into law a â€Å"bipartisan education package that greatly expands the federal role in†¦show more content†¦The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 is a â€Å"landmark in education reform designed to improve student achievement and change the culture of America’s schools† (ED.gov). The new act encourages accountability and helps abolish inequality in education. The â€Å"ultimate goal is to ensure that all students will be proficient in reading and mathematics by 2014†(World News Digest). The National Assessment of Educational Progress tests students periodically to investigate performance. In 2003, they reported thirty nine percent of white fourth graders, fourteen percent of Latino students and twelve percent of black students were able to read effectively at grade level. As supporters say, â€Å"current shortcomings in the education system justify such a bold approach† (Issues and Controversies). As one of the necessities, states are required to create tests and administer them annually to students, measuring their â€Å"adequate yearly progress† toward meeting state standards (Issues and Controversies). Schools that do not meet the mark fall short under the federal law. After two years of failing to meet the standards, schools must offer students the opportunity to transfer to a school that is not failing, with paid transportation. After three years, the schools must offer private tutoring. Those schools missing the requirements for a continuous five years face closing and new management. To establish the act, states and local schoolShow MoreRelatedNo Child Left Behind Act1621 Words   |  7 Pages The support for the No Child Left Behind Act plummeted down shortly after the act passed. Many people supported the act at first simply because they supported the goals of the act, once they saw the results, their opinions changed. One of the biggest arguments towards No Child Left Behind is that it is unfair. People believed the resources of difference schools were unequal, and thought the Title 1 funding that the schools received should go to ensuring all schools had equal resources. Many peopleRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act1670 Words   |  7 Pages Literature Review: Every Student Succeeds Act Suzanne Hatton, BSW, LSW University of Kentucky-SW 630 Abstract This literature review seeks to explore the Every Student Succeeds Act (2015), a bipartisan reauthorization and revision to the No Child Left Behind Act (2002). The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) is the first law passed in fourteen years to address Reneeded changes to the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). Considered progressive and innovative at the time of itsRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act875 Words   |  4 PagesThe No Child Left Behind Act â€Å"NCLB† was a bill passed by the Senate in 2001 and signed into law by President George W. Bush on January 8, 2002. It was a revision of the Elementary and Secondary Act â€Å"ESEA† of 1965 by President Lyndon Johnson. The NCLB was intended to help children in lower-income families achieve the same standard of education as children in higher income families. This was done by the federal government providing extra finances for Title I schools in exchange for a rise in academicRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act1418 Wor ds   |  6 Pagessystematic oppression. The flowing water of oppression floods poor schools; drowning students with dreams, and giving no mercy. The only ones safe from the water are the privileged, who are oblivious to the fact that it exists. George Bush s No Child Left Behind Act, which passed in 2002, mandated annual standardized testing in math and reading. If schools received insufficient scores, they were punished or shut down. This fueled the construed concept that a school is only doing well if the students haveRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act Essay921 Words   |  4 Pagesuccessful at it. (Source 7) Next, the â€Å"No Child left behind Act† it was signed by President George W. Bush and it passed with bipartisan support on Jan. 8, 2002. This Act states that there will be mandated annual testing in the subject reading and math and science. In the grades 3-8 and 10th grade. It shows the Adequate Yearly Progress of each school in the system of the United States. (source 1) The biggest point of this Act is that no child is â€Å"trapped in a failing school† (source 1). That eachRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act2120 Words   |  9 PagesWhen President George W. Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) into law in 2002, the legislation had one goal-- to improve educational equity for all students in the United States by implementing standards for student achievement and school district and teacher performance. Before the No Child Left Behind Act, the program of study for most schools was developed and implemented by individual states and local communities†™ school boards. Proponents of the NCLB believed that lax oversightRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act1988 Words   |  8 PagesJanuary 8, 2002, George W. Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act into law (also known as the NCLB). The No Child Left Behind Act was the latest reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, a federal education bill addressing the nation’s schools. At his signing ceremony, Bush stated, â€Å"There’s no greater challenge than to make sure that every child—and all of us on this stage mean every child, not just a few children—every single child, regardless of where they live, how they’reRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act1592 Words   |  7 PagesThe No Child Left Behind Act was the biggest educational step taken by president Bush and his administration. Its main goal included the increase of achievement in education and completely eliminate the gap between different racial and ethnic grou ps. Its strategies had a major focus on uplifting test scores in schools, hiring â€Å"highly qualified teachers† and deliver choices in education. Unluckily, the excessive demands of the law have not succeeded in achieving the goals that were set, and have causedRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act1747 Words   |  7 PagesNo Child Left Behind Introduction The No Child Left Behind Act (NALB) was signed into law by the former President of the United States George Walker Bush on the 8th of January 2002. It was a congressional attempt to encourage student achievement through some reforms focused on elementary and secondary education programs in the United States. The NCLB requires that within a decade all students including those with disabilities to perform at a proficient level on their state academic evaluation testsRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act1124 Words   |  5 PagesChristian J. Green Dr. Shoulders NCLB and ESSA 28 February 2016 The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) was authorized by and signed into law in 2002. NCLB was a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) of 1965. NCLB was meant to hold schools to higher standards, enforce accountability, and close achievement gaps that had existed in education since ESEA was enacted. Nevertheless, the rigorous standards and goals set forth under NCLB were never attained. ESEA Flexibility could

Perceptions Remain Unchanged By Marie De France Essay

Perceptions Remain Unchanged Marie de France, Geoffrey Chaucer, and the Pearl Poet share one important personal commonality—they all are products of the Medieval Period. During this time, men hold the power and dominate all aspects of everyday life. Women are suppressed and are expected to support men by learning and performing wifely duties, and attending to the needs of the men close to them. There is no opportunity for women to place themselves in positions of authority or influence without a man dictating their function. Although Marie de France is a woman, it is apparent in â€Å"Lanval† that she cannot escape the stereotypical characterizations that plague women in her era. She portrays Queen Guenevere as a villainous and vengeful woman whom is conniving and unfaithful, which is how strong women are perceived during this time period. Chaucer uses the Wife of Bath character to show how outspoken women can claim that they want sovereignty; however, through their con tradictive behavior and ridiculous reasoning’s they are not capable of true independence or governance. The Pearl Poet confirms that women in positions of power, ultimately have evil intentions. For example, Morgan Le Fay is a sorcerer who creates the Green Knight’s condition in order to test the Knights of the Round Table, and potentially frighten Guenevere to death. All three of these authors use female characters with mystical powers to show that woman who hold any sort of power are not real, and ultimatelyShow MoreRelatedMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pages 1968. ÃŽËœThe paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992. To George Blin, Profesor at the Collà ¨ge de France, whithout whom none of these pages would have been started. CONTENTS A Note on the Translation by Bertrand Augst, ix Preface, xi A Note on Terminology, xiii I Phenomenological Approaches to Film Chapter I. On the Impression of Reality in theRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesmodernity itself. They go well beyond the usual focus on the two superpowers INTRODUCTION †¢ 7 to look at â€Å"nuclear politics,† which encompasses both state initiatives and popular dissent, in former but diminished national great powers such as France and Great Britain and in emerging and aspiring high-tech states of very different sorts in Israel, India, and China. Equally impressive in terms of the global range of questions they include, Hecht and Edwards look at the impact of the nuclearRead MoreCrossing the Chasm76808 Words   |  308 PagesHarperCollins Publishers. Adobe Acrobat E-Book Reader edition v 1. October 2001 ISBN 0-06-018987-8 The original hardcover edition of this book was published in 1991 by HarperBusiness, a division of HarperCollins Publishers. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To Marie Contents PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGMENTS PART I Discovering the Chasm INTRODUCTION If Bill Gates Can Be a Billionaire 1 High-Tech Marketing Illusion 2 High-Tech Marketing Enlightenment PART II CrossingRead MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 Pagesand what challenges and threats it faces. You can now determine alternative key result areas (KRAs). Each of these is a category of activities that helps to accomplish the strategic intent of the ï ¬ rm. For example, KRAs for Cochlear may include to remain a leader in hearing implant technology and to build links with hearing clinicians in South-East Asia. Each 454 8/29/07 1:09:39 PM 455 I N T R O D U C T I O N : P R E PA R I NG AN E FFE C TIV E C ASE AN ALY SIS alternative shouldRead MoreNokias Human Resources System144007 Words   |  577 Pagesgeneration devices, platforms and user experiences. We expect the transition to Windows Phone as our primary smartphone platform to take about two years. We and Microsoft have entered into a non ­binding term sheet, and the proposed Microsoft partnership remains subject to the negotiation and execution of definitive agreements. See Item 4B. â€Å"Business Overview—Devices Services—New strategy—Smartphones† for additional information about the proposed Microsoft partnership. Our proposed partnership with Microsoft

Introduction to Law and Development Practice

Question: Discuss about the Introduction to Law and Development Practice. Answer: Development Finance: Finance a core factor needed to build, plan or develop a property project in systematic way. Institutions who provide finance to property developers are Banks, pension funds, insurance companies and many others(Li, 2007). Finance sanctioned to project owner measures ones capability of taking loans and repaying them back with interest on time. The scope of development finance involves all finances that are involved in the construction or development of an infrastructure. Infrastructure can be residential, commercial or social in nature. While finances involved in building infrastructure of residential or commercial includes amounts that are generally funded by way of banks, in infrastructural projects involving roadways, dams or other projects finances are generally funded by countries or IMF (International Monetary Fund). Whether private or governments projects, every sector needs finance from outsourced places. Factors to be taken into consideration during loan sanction are; Foremost factor: Financial institutes examines overall internal capacity, strength, monopoly of a particular lenders before financing them. Proper documentation scrutinized by accounts and legal departments is second significant factor during process of sanctioning loan(Chugunov, 2009). Thirdly, documents or property mortgaged to lenders for financing large amount of loan. Finances can be short term, medium term and long term depending on the projects size, time and total cost of the project. Short-term loans generally ranges 3 years to 5 years and are financed by most of the banks to small residential property builders as well to commercial property builders, which they repay once the project is completed and ready for possession(Rutkauskas, 2008). Medium term loans are for 5 years to 10 years and long term loans are for more than 10 year. These types of loans are sanctioned to big commercial and residential ventures which involve purchasing a big areas and constructing a society. These types of -sanctioning involves high official from financiers involvement to understand the nature of borrowers and their planning to execute project(McMichael, 2011). Equity finance is another approach for loan especially for commercial projects. Financier makes a deal in agreement of loan partial fix percentage in profit and loss of the project, which might be optional in nature. This nature makes them more of an investor, rather than a lender. Whereas a Debt Financer acts purely lenders, simple principle nature is to provide loan on legal basis and to get the money back on given time. Loan or finance is a cycle and profit and loss too is interconnected. Economic development of country keeps changing financial nature as well as financing method. Finance acts as the backbone of any property development(Milder, 2007). Hence from the above you can decided the relevant finance source and resort to the same. Construction Method: Key Consideration for stages in FBL projects Equal effort of qualified experienced team of contractors, developers, financier, architects, engaged to project a contract of making residential buildings and commercials in a well-planned views for making it successful in terms of profit and branding(Pan, 2009). Construction methods have gradually progressed over periods of time and emerged as one of the primary business generating immense amounts of revenue worldwide. It has been estimated that majority of worlds labor-forces are involved in the construction business. The construction business provides ample work opportunities and high amounts of revenue generation. The scope of the current analysis deals in the construction of a building at the University at the Faculty of Business and Law. The ten stages that will form key elements for the project of FBL are discussed below. Gathering information on the operation or project: First step is to analyse and finalize a site for construction of any residential or commercial buildings, according to market requirements to sell a project to gain maximum profit. As in this case it is the University 3D building structure. Analyzing the information to find opportunities and problems: Construction Company faces many problems daily during projects, which can be lowered through many opportunities available in market like, extended finance from, outsources, labors from other construction sites facing problems from other builders. Constructions of large complex buildings and offices projects need overall knowledge of documentations to avoid conflicts during sell. Different constructions forms and contracts like (NEC, ICC, FIDIC, JCT and more) have similar principles of laws for construction above projects(Du, 2010). Overall production needs high potential and team work by highly qualified expertise with proper planning for best well designed construction of premises for launching in marketplace. The map of the university campus might form the opportunity whereas the 3D structure might pose to be a challenge. Preparing a list of operations/activities to investigate: Construction cannot start only with proper location and planning, to execute it needs raw materials, manpower and a proper inflow of money or strong finance. Therefore, a good lender like banks, financial institutions, who can lend money for required term with negotiable interest rates is necessary(Park, 2012). In this case the previous existing structure of the university needs to be understood in great detail. Considering resources to use: World of constant changing technologies especially in construction needs latest equipments and machines to work along with modern techniques by qualified architects. Modern methods can help to complete the project before time and result in extra revenue by saving electricity, water, time, labor charges and selling the properties before time specified to customers(Dori, 2008). Sequence of operations: According to law Building Act1984, United Kingdom, Construction of such big projects of building residential and commercial sites needs an approval from government. Permission notice too have to be submitted to local authority before builders start work processes. Information on the operation or projectis gathered by the management team of expertise, who are hired to gather information from market for proper operations of projects undertaken(Takahiro, 2007). Alternative ways to carry out operations: In order to project an appropriate plan, a well-designed structure for site is required by means of drawing by trained architects, with the equal collaboration. Making evaluations of alternative methods: A global challenge faced across construction business is in regards to health and safety norms. Workers employed in the construction business often faces accidents or injury which are life threatening. These workers constitute rotational workers and hence lacks expertise to handle workplace related hazards(Fellows, 2015). Deciding on best methods: Construction companies needs to devise ways and means such that any type of construction does not pose challenge to workers and comply with necessary environmental norms. Reviewing decisions made as more information becomes available on the project: Another major challenge facing the construction industry is in regards to environmental standards. While environmentally friendly materials are available at high prices, substitutes that pose threat to environment and society are available easily(Charmaz, 2014). Communicating decisions and producing documents such as method statements: All necessary and relevant part of the decision statement needs to be communicate well in advance such that there are no queries in regards to the same. Hence, construction companies often resort to low quality materials such that they can save costs pertaining to projects and make substantial profits. Contract Law: Contract is a mutual agreement between two or more parties and the legal method which binds the bond is called Law(Chen-Wishart, 2012). To conduct well planned business and make it work flawlessly, most important aspect is to deal according to law of contract. Different countries have different laws in all fields. Generally it is difficult for people to work and obey the laws with respect to all fields. In legal terms for property business the contract law refers to an agreement between promoter, builder, and financier for construction business(McKendrick, 2014). The creation of contracts involving offer and acceptance The Law of Contract is applicable and binding on parties that enter into a legal agreement to do or not to do something. A Contract that meets all essential elements is legally enforceable and binding upon the contracting parties(Anson, 2010). Creation of contracts involves an offer and its subsequent acceptance. An offer is an intention to create a contract which has to be accepted in order to complete the process of formation of contract. Who can make and who can sue under a contract In case a contract becomes valid and legal in becomes binding on either parties to the contract. To lay out a proper relation and benefits between builders and buyers of property and to safeguard their certain personal interest, Tort Law has been introduced by court. It is influential in solving civil cases in which persons have been damaged by wrongful, criminal or any harmful acts of others. Hence, any aggrieved parties to the contract can sue under a contract. The categories of terms contained in a contract and their relative importance The elements and terms contained within a contract are offer, acceptance, consideration, mutuality of consideration and competence to contract. Every contract has to have an offer and acceptance formed by parties who are legally capable for entering into a contract. Consideration is another crucial aspect of a contract that states the valid elements and factors which needs to be present while contracting. Contract law during financing for construction between lenders and contractors go through many legal agreements and proceeding to avoid frauds and failure of repayment of loans on specified time(Oman, 2007). This contract adds mortgages of properties against loan sanctioned. If a contractor fails to meet the legal proceedings in construction, governments or private bodies can file a case against them to deal with failure. Over all there is always a risk in any property or construction business, to deal or lower the risk, contract law is implemented by court to deal with. Legal busin ess has lower risk than the illegal contracts. The damages payable and time limits in which you can sue for breach of contract In case of damages incurred from a contract which has failed to abide by time limits, then parties to the contract can sue for such breaches. In case the contracting parties fails to comply by the law then the aggrieved party can claim for suit in court. In case of dispute the aggrieved parties can also refer to the court of law. The Law of Contract is the most basic type of law that is bindings and applicable on all laws and rules of the land. In any case the agreement between the parties has to abide by all the necessary elements that form the basis of such contracts. Property law in legal term is a law incorporated to fix the contract terms and conditions between two parties, buyers and sellers(Friedman, 2011). Construction law primarily deals with legal law, to pass through all the legal proceedings in documentation, permissions and engineering with the promoter and other government bodies, before work start without any future hurdles. Construction contract law deals with practical knowledge and solves disputes between contractor, promoters and builders. Law of Property Property law is legal term used in dealing of any types of properties(Stoebuck, 2007). Commonly known amongst people are two types of properties, namely Real and Personal properties. Personal properties refer to movable properties of any individual in terms of money, copyrights and so on. But key discussion here refers to Real property. Real property is basically land which can be for construction or agriculture purposes. In modern world the real property are being used for construction of commercial and residential premises. When owner of a Real property make property deals, it may be between promoters and contractors or builders, they first go through legal proceeding, terms and conditions according to contract law and Law of property. Joint Tenancy and its distinction from tenancy in common Property Law is implemented in legal terms for an individual, company or government body to deal in future disputes arise against void of contract terms and conditions(Mossman, 2014). Joint tenancy is holding of property or an estate by two or more parties which can further be passed on after death. If any construction party fails to repay the loans to financial lenders like banks and other financial institutes, they can file a case against them to recover the debt by selling properties through auctions. Tenancy in common is a shared form of tenancy in which every owner has a distinct identity whose interests can be transferable. Every state has its own power and rules to fix and pattern of transfer of ones property(United States) upgraded law is to transfer the ownership in deeds(Singer, 2014)(Laws, n.d.). Covenant and its distinction easement Covenant is an agreement by virtue of a lease, deed or other necessary legal document which enables landlord capability to repair a property. Real property further has two diversification, Freehold estates and non-freehold estates. Freehold estates are inherited and non-freehold estates are tenements in other language, property deal between landlord and tenant for specified years mentioned in agreement. Easement provides right to another individuals land for a specific purpose. Freehold and its distinction from leasehold If a tenant fails to handover properties on time, landlord can file a suit in court to recover according to Common law. The term freehold estate provides right of title to a particular land which is immobile in nature and is for indeterminate period of time. Special Estates (United States 1961) are property in which a buyer becomes individual owner and partial holder in facilities available(Martin, 2009). Leasehold constitutes holding of a property within a period of lease term. An individual can file a case against contractor if fails to handover possession on any premises on time against law of property (Adverse possession). Property laws allow proper handling and conduct of properties and to solve cases in courts of law. Law and English Legal System The English legal system has evolved over the centuries to define and meet the needs of its users. English legal system and laws have been developed in England, to cater to individual power and rights of an individual or institutes. Legal system or English Law includes legislative body, legal norms by parliament and other judiciary to deal with any legal disputes during 18th and 19th centuries(McLeod, 2010). Today the English Laws and legal systems has evolved and transformed to cater to the varying needs of the society. Law or English Legal System has come out so well to deal with power rights of parliament, monarch, and other governmental bodies. As discussed above till 19th centuries full power in relation to legislation was in hand of crowned family and members, later it has been transferred to hands of parliament. But with the introduction of ELS (English legal system), the powers of Judges been completely separated from that of previously system under kings and parliament. This judiciary system has provided with much more transparent and ethical standards as well as means to handle cases. Democracy a modern word for todays political system has changed the countrys power and legal systems. Hence, in order to control democracy, English law system has been established by legal bodies. According to England legislatives, if an individual or an institution been given total rights to run the countrys legal matters then , it can be misuse and can prove harmful for the country as whole(Cownie, 2013). Many countries from world being inspired and has implemented the same or English Legal system to improve their own country. English Law system has been categorized into two Criminal Law: Which includes murder, can be seen as common law rather, been taken to parliament for its amendment and sentence. Person accused is taken to court for its act where the offender is charged and punished. Civil law: It is also known as common law, where disputes of properties are solved. Cases related to civil law tends to take longer durations compared to criminal laws. Parliament is a governmental body which deals in passing bills and legislation to support legal system. It plays key role to govern the entire countrys legal system(Rembar, 2015). Well defined English Legal system has changed the political scenario of England by diversifying powers among different legal bodies, which has inspired other countries to run in a systematic way. Earlier there was not a separate identity for legislature or judiciary but it has gradually evolved and transformed to form a separate role of duty. This enables better and smoother establishment of laws and dealing with cases. The English laws and legal system presents an advanced body of knowledge and systems that is followed across globally. Multiple countries that were previously colonized by the British Empire have English laws and legal system as guiding principles. Reference Anson, W.R., Beatson, J., Burrows, A.S. and Cartwright, J., 2010.Anson's law of contract. Oxford University Press. Charmaz, K., 2014.Constructing grounded theory. Sage. Chen-Wishart, M., 2012.Contract law. Oxford University Press. Chugunov, I., 2009. Finances of Ukraine: institutional conversion and directions of development. Cownie, F., Bradney, A. and Burton, M., 2013.English Legal System in Context 6e. Oxford University Press. Dori, D., Feldman, R. and Sturm, A., 2008. From conceptual models to schemata: An object-process-based data warehouse construction method.Information Systems,33(6), pp.567-593. Du, D., Li, K. and Fei, M., 2010. A fast multi-output RBF neural network construction method.Neurocomputing,73(10), pp.2196-2202. Fellows, R.F. and Liu, A.M., 2015.Research methods for construction. John Wiley Sons. Friedman, L.M., 2011.Contract law in America: a social and economic case study. Quid Pro Books. Laws, N.C., Real Property Law. Li, T.M., 2007.The will to improve: Governmentality, development, and the practice of politics. Duke University Press. Martin, E.A., 2009.A dictionary of law. OUP Oxford. McLeod, I., 2010.Legal theory. Palgrave Macmillan. McMichael, P., 2011.Development and Social Change: A Global Perspective: A Global Perspective. Sage Publications. McKendrick, E., 2014.Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK). Mossman, M.J. and Girard, P., 2014. Property law: cases and commentary. Milder, J.C., 2007. A framework for understanding conservation development and its ecological implications.BioScience,57(9), pp.757-768. Oman, N.B., 2007. Failure of Economic Interpretations of the Law of Contract Damages.Wash. Lee L. Rev.,64, p.829. Park, S.H., Lee, J.H. and Kim, K.T., 2012. Performance analysis of the scenario-based construction method for real target ISAR recognition.Progress In Electromagnetics Research,128, pp.137-151. Pan, N.F., 2009. Selecting an appropriate excavation construction method based on qualitative assessments.Expert Systems with Applications,36(3), pp.5481-5490. Rembar, C., 2015.The law of the land: The evolution of our legal system. Open Road Media. Rutkauskas, A.V., Mie?inskiene, A. and Stasytyte, V., 2008. Investment decisions modelling along sustainable development concept on financial markets.Technological and Economic Development of Economy,14(3), pp.417-427. Singer, J.W., Berger, B.R., Davidson, N.M. and Pealver, E.M., 2014. Property law: Rules, policies practices. Stoebuck, W. and Whitman, D., 2007.Law of Property, 3d (Hornbook Series). West Academic. Takahiro, H.A.R.A. and Nishio, S., 2007, May. A thesaurus construction method from large scaleweb dictionaries. InAdvanced Information Networking and Applications, 2007. AINA'07. 21st International Conference on(pp. 932-939). IEEE.

How Human Resource Management Apply to the Top Management

Question: Discuss, how human resource management apply to the top management? Answer: Introduction Planning and the improvement of a HR system is a discriminating piece of the HR process. It is critical that all HR courses of action and activities are produced as a feature of a general individuals method which is adjusted to, and intended to aid in the accomplishment of, the hierarchical technique and objectives. A key piece of the HR arranging part is the improvement of a workforce arrangement. This arrangement is a configuration for the association to draw in, hold and add to the workforce needed keeping in mind the end goal to the meet it is available and future needs. Another key part of the HR capacity is the improvement and usage of strategies and related methodology. There are imperative viewpoints to incorporate when building up an arrangement to guarantee it is deciphered and actualized accurately when taken off over an association. The management is the demonstration of accomplishing things, essentially through individuals, to accomplish sought objectives and certain targets. Execution of any fruitful technique in an association relies on how much the Top Management is focused on the achievement of association. Furthermore, this part would be clear throughout the execution process. The administration is a constant procedure of arranging, sorting out, driving and controlling an association. Top-level administrators are in charge of controlling and administering the whole association. As opposed to direct the regular exercises of the firm, they create objectives, key arranges, and organization approaches, and in addition to settle on choices about the bearing of the business. Problem Statement The corporate HR capacity sets the key pace and gives specific learning and heading while HR generalists execute and adjust to fit the needs of particular business bunches. A sound strain exists between the approach mandates controlled by corporate HR and the different needs of different specialties units; however the best experts have the capacity to attain to a solid parity as a result of their profound comprehension of current HR abilities, corporate procedure and divisional business goals. Aims of the Study According to Colbert, Barrick and Bradley (2014), the top administration group of an organization controls choice making that influences everybody starting from the president to passage level workers. Those choices, alongside the way the administration individuals treat the staff, influence the accomplishment of the organization. Understanding those impacts helps the administration group roll out improvements as important to enhance the accomplishment of the organization. The investigation aim oat finding out if the HRM is applicable to top management. Significance of the Study The study will present the need to see the HRM and the top management functions in the organization. It will as well give employees a clear picture of the HRM unit and the top management. It findings will act to guide the management of the organization towards attaining the set objectives. Research Questions The following are the research questions. 1. What are the roles of the top management in HRM section? 2. What is the role of the HRM in an Organization? 3. How does top HRM apply in HRM? Literature Review Introduction The chapter will examine relevant literature that has been carried out in the spears of the top management and the HRM in organizations. The chapter start by the introduction, examine the various aspect of HRM in an organization with a view of looking at their relevance to the top management. It will as well examine the top management functions in an organization. HR as a Strategic Partner Albeit numerous HR capacities have started to assume a vital part in controlling progression administration, learning maintenance, and other venture wide activities, there is still open door for such capacities to enhance and really change key impacts and chiefs. The squeezing requirement for associations to keep up a differing pool of capable pioneers, catch skill from leaving workers, and outsource value-based exercises to concentrate on center abilities has elevated the significance of the HR capacity. The individuals who need to stay applicable will concentrate on deliberately supporting their associations and the clients they serve (Kerzner, 2013). Thus, the vital organization made between official authority and HR is not a natural result; it is accomplished intentionally more often than not as the aftereffect of some need or business driver that prompts the association to make intentional move to fulfill that need. For HR to be a successful key accomplice in any association, the HR experts must comprehend two things: 1) the matter of the business and 2) that HR work starts with the business, not HR (Ulrich, 2013). Information of the business, support for the system, and the capacity to make an interpretation of each movement to key targets under brace the accomplishment of our best practice pioneers. Besides, this methodology can't be finished overnight (Buller McEvoy, 2012). Another part of turning into a vital accomplice with the business is exhibiting backing for authoritative/business methods through the arrangement with those procedures. Such arrangement places HR in a superior position to convey esteem, which along these lines shows validity. Expanding believability prompts expanded trust, which bonds the HR office's position as a vital accomplice in the association. At the point when requested that portray the HR relationship to corporate method, the greater part of the accomplices showed that the HR association is an imperative accomplice in either the improvement or usage of corporate technique (Gilbert, De Winne Sels, 2011). HR and the Strategic Process Basic to HR's working as a vital accomplice is the HR office's part in the key methodology. Not just is it vital for HR to take part in the corporate key arranging methodology to further its comprehension of business requirements for the up and coming year, it is likewise essential to adjust its own particular schedule and center with the corporate plan to backing HR's position as a key accomplice (Keegan, Huemann Turner, 2012). In the event that HR is to be a genuine accomplice in the key procedure, it must consider method detailing and execution as important as does a line chief. In this way, coordinating HR as a piece of the corporate timetable is discriminating to the vital association's prosperity. HR accomplices have a tendency to take part in the working business cycle in two ways. To start with, they form HR techniques that add to the company's key objectives amid the same time allotment that specialties units are building up their targets (Mello, 2014). Grooming Leaders Checking on execution and perceiving the capability of pioneers are vital keys to an organization's future. In best-rehearse associations, the capacity to convey the outcomes plot in the vital arrangement is adjusted with energy about an individual's potential for further development and advancement. A survey of both these variables is a genuine and standard piece of the methodology process (Van Buren, Greenwood Sheehan, 2011). Qualities and abilities are the establishment of authority advancement. The best practice accomplices in the study had a tendency to start the procedure of creating pioneers with an establishment of key corporate qualities and afterward centered on key abilities that developed out of the quality base and the key mission (Van Buren, Greenwood Sheehan, 2011). With inborn values set up, representatives must have vital abilities for administration advancement. Best-hone associations start the authority improvement exertion by guaranteeing that representatives comprehend and encapsulate the organization's qualities (Beattie Osborne, 2013). With an establishment in light of the company's qualities, representative skills can be perceived and encouraged through an association between corporate, particular organizations and the person. The greater part of the best practice models perceive the idea of "corporate property" in which building up the vocations of key administrators is seen as being corporate obligation. This implies that the best qualified individual for a key division or specialty unit employment may be given a formative task to aid somebody from another business, notwithstanding when a successor inside the organization has been prepped for that occupation. While, individual is relied upon to deal with his/her a player in the association by reacting to input, enhancing in key territories and imparting hobbies and confinements (Gilbert, De Winne Sels, 2011). The organization will have the capacity to recognize key minutes for improvement known as move focuses. Particular formative exercises are regularly attached to a looming need or to another sort of test. These move focuses offer essential "open to instruction minutes (Buller McEvoy, 2012). Move focuses offer an unmistakable open door for organizations to break down and audit individual workers' profession encounters and to make formative arranges likewise. With right on time recognizable proof of potential pioneers, organizations have the capacity to all the more viably plan for future initiative advancement exercises. By utilizing key move focuses, organizations can augment formative open doors, along these lines improving administration improvement capacities (Kerzner, 2013). The Role of Top Management in Organizations Success Corporate Culture The corporate strategies and satisfactory practices by and large begin at the top level of administration. The pioneers of the organization make strategies and desires through those approaches. The way the organization is run normal, in light of those approaches, aides create the corporate society. A culture that energizes innovativeness and development is prone to result in an organization that is fruitful and consistently concocts new thoughts. A smothering corporate society confines the endeavours of the representatives, making it troublesome for the organization to progress (Hill, Jones Schilling, 2014). Organization Goals The objectives and vision of the organization control the work that is finished by the workers. Top administration is typically in charge of creating these objectives. To reach higher accomplishments for the organization, top administration needs to secure objectives that push representatives to develop. The objectives must contemplate the organization's present circumstance. The administration group needs to choose what accomplishments it needs to reach and how the organization will develop going ahead. Composing solid, particular objectives for the organization aides coordinate the workload for the workers (Zhang, Linderman Schroeder, 2012). Resource Management and Support An organization's budgetary choices normally originated from the top level of administration. This incorporates each office's financial plan for the monetary year. By and large, the buy of gear and different resources must be sanction by top administration. In the event that the representatives don't have admittance to the hardware and assets important to finish their employments, the organization's accomplishment endures. An administration group that backings the staff and has a feeling of what they need is better prepared to lead the organization to achievement (Hill, Jones Schilling, 2014). Motivation The top administration of an organization shows others how its done and influences the inspiration felt by the workers. An administration group that takes a genuine intrigue and joins with the staff is more prone to motivate the representatives to accomplish. Straightforwardness from the administration group about the organization's future guides in rousing the staff in light of the fact that it issues them a superior thought of the purposes behind their work obligations (Zhang, Linderman Schroeder, 2012). Research Methodology Introduction In relation to study by Gravetter and Forzano (2015) qualitative research is utilized by researchers to observe facts from their own perspective and dig out the details and implication so as to obtain a comprehensive discernment of a predicament. According to Jackson (2015), the five aspects of qualitative research which are illustrative data, naturalistic, inductive reasoning, concern with procedure, and meaning stresses the need and importance of qualitative research. Adopting both qualitative and quantitative approach is to bring into line the researchers epistemological standpoint, which has come out from an interpretation idea that understanding of the planet is purposely composed via an individuals living encounter. Research Design The study will utilise mixed technique in a phenomenological research perspective. This method will be adopted since it facilitates utilization of both qualitative and quantitative methods of research. The research will employ questionnaire for capturing quantitative collection of data and interview with open-ended questions for qualitative collection of data. According to Vaishnavi and Kuechler (2015), the researcher is given the discretion to employ both quantitative and qualitative methods that support sensitivity, contextual, coherence, and creativity and should be born in mind that the mixture of quantitative data does imply the use of both mixed approaches. The two methods complement one another. The introduction of quantitative questionnaire in the research is to dig deep into the problems at hand in the study environment. Data Collection and analysis Based on the phenomenological research blueprint, interviews will be the principal technique of collecting data. The researcher will also undertake observations and spread a questionnaire for data collection. Interview Salazar, Crosby and DiClemente (2015) asserts that interviews are key component of collecting data with utilization of phenomenological research. Furthermore, an interview is the importance creating procedure of identifying other occurrences. Therefore, the researcher feels that interviews will give an excellent way of obtaining information from the resource persons to comprehend their opinions and encounters, since in an interview condition is probable a researcher to get detailed facts by questioning. Therefore, interrogation is an ideal means of collecting data in a circumstance where detailed facts are needed. Observation In order to provide support for interview technique, the researcher will employ observations technique where every participant will be observed in teaching and learning tasks. This will assist the researcher obtain a comprehension of phenomenon and get a perspective of the issue at hand. This is selected owing to the reason that data is obtained via direct experience and understand the surroundings, the circumstance and the HRM and top management practice Information gathered is first hand as well as uncovers deduce the importance for reacting to any research question. Information will be obtained and recorded in a semi structured schedule intended for observation reflecting on approach in relation to evidence based practice in inclusive environment. Hence, the technique is a focused, orderly and selective means of studying and paying attention to a communication or occurrence as it unfolds. In this technique audio recording will be employed to capture the participants interaction in the learning environment and to listen to the recorded information later in the analysis of facts captured (Zirkel, Garcia Murphy, 2015). Questionnaire This data collection technique will be employed to examine top managers approaches and interest concerning HRM. It will developed to comprise of two scales with the first one comprise of four point scale whereas the second one seven point scale for rating and assessing attitudes respectively. This is chosen as it offers a chance to gather information concerning the managers routines as well as values. This is supported by Mrtl and Gelo (2015) that scales of attitude offer the depth of an aspect or an issue as it will provide a way of merging diverse aspects to one indicator thereby lessening the danger of influencing of opinions by a section of respondents on the issue at hand (Mrtl, Gelo, 2015). Ethical Considerations According to Elman, Gray and Thorpe (2015), trust is essential in carrying out research in an area as this will make the research trusted as well as ease resource persons mood and make them comfortable. Therefore, the researcher has a role in creating that trust between him and the resource persons. The researcher will accomplish this through permission from all relevant authorities. This will be done through writing a consent form stating the research topic, level of study, and the target resource persons. On top of this, ethical confidentiality will be upheld. It will be achieved through guarding the resource persons identities and maintaining confidentiality in all information that will be collected through assigning pseudonyms to employ when referring to them. The researcher will talk to all participants prior to carrying out investigation so as to make them feel free and unleash all facts without holding back owing to fear or intimidation as this is the essence of research ethic s. References Beattie, R., Osborne, S. P. (Eds.). (2013). Human resource management in the public sector. Routledge. Buller, P. F., McEvoy, G. M. (2012). Strategy, human resource management and performance: Sharpening line of sight. Human Resource Management Review, 22(1), 43-56. Colbert, A. E., Barrick, M. R., Bradley, B. H. (2014). Personality and leadership composition in top management teams: Implications for organizational effectiveness. Personnel Psychology, 67(2), 351-387. Elman, C., Kapiszewski, D., Kirilova, D. (2015). Learning through Research: Using Data to Train Undergraduates in Qualitative Methods. PS: Political Science Politics, 48(01), 39-43. Gilbert, C., De Winne, S., Sels, L. (2011). 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